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The concept of inequality and the political practice of imperialism employed by the Romans during their 400-year rule left a lasting impact even after the fall of the Roman Empire. The historian Julia Smith, who studies the history of the early European Middle Ages, gives a detailed account of the impact of Roman imperial culture…

The Graeco-Roman heritage Since Germany only came into existence as a nation since 1870, we have to look at the Western European tribes if we want to go further back in history. Those tribes were themselves strongly influenced by the culture and ideology of the Greeks and Romans. From the ancient Greek Empire, we find…

The Peasant War 1524/25 Method In this part of the blog series, we will look for the pattern of loss of connection and violence described in Part 1 in the context of German history.  The aim is to explore events that caused social crisis and had the potential to trigger experiences of alienation and to…

A tendency towards connectedness also exists in a broader social/ societal context. The sociologist Ron Eyerman describes the feeling of social connectedness as a sense of belonging to a group (Eyerman, 2001). This sense of belonging can be disrupted by social crises that trigger experiences of social separation and alienation. These crises are often caused…

An interruption of the basic tendency towards social connection can occur in a social context through the experience of shame, humiliation and the death of a close person. Like the loss of connections triggered by traumatic memories, experiences of loss in the social context can also lead to violence. This is shown by the following…

We have seen that every single person is connected to their environment through the potential of our brain to constantly change and adapt to new circumstances. We have also seen that this connection can be disrupted by the rigid persistence of traumatic memories. A comparable case in which an initial situation of connection becomes disturbed…

As we have seen, traumatic memories are both unconscious and persistent. Therefore, they are difficult to access and, by maintaining information that is no longer relevant, disrupt our ability to remain connected to our natural and social environment through constant adaptation. The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder can be traced back to these two characteristics…

The psychologist David Lisak explains the difference between the human response to danger under normal circumstances and a response to danger in a life-threatening situation. Under normal circumstances, information indicating danger is perceived by the senses and then processed by a complex network of neural connections. In this context, the stimuli perceived by the senses…

The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are all triggered by the memory of the event that caused the psychological ‘wounding’. We therefore need to focus on our ability to remember so that we can gain an understanding of traumatic memory and its effects. Artist impression of neurons The Neurobiologist Eric Kandel explains that what we…

Trauma is a word that is used in a variety of ways in everyday language today. But do we really understand what it means when we speak about trauma ? The word trauma (Greek: wound), which can be found since the 17th century, was initially used in a medical context and stands for a physical…